Gas 價格GAS

This category can include launchers for tear gas grenades and rubber ammunition, stun grenades, and paint marker grenades. Some of these weapons are banned in other countries, like Canada, and the Geneva conventions lay out rules for their use.

Robinhood’s stock has rallied hard in recent weeks on hopes of being added to the S&P 500 index, but many investors were disappointed with the announcment that S&P Dow Jones Indices will make no changes to the S&P 500 lineup S&P Dow Jones, the operator of the coveted S&P 500 index, confirmed Friday afternoon that it will make no changes to the index. Robinhood was widely considered to be the next stock added to the index so confirmation it will be left out sent Robinhood’s stock down sharply on Monday. Expectations were high as Bank of America analysts had recently called Robinhood the S&P 500’s “prime candidate” for inclusion. Robinhood’s stock was down around 5% Monday afternoon on a day when Bitcoin ( BTC ) moved higher. Robinhood has become big enough to qualify for the S&P 500. By mid-2025 its market capitalization was roughly $66 billion, well above the $20.5 billion minimum and far larger than most small-caps in the index. The company is U.S.-based, traded on Nasdaq, and otherwise meets S&P Global’s listing criteria. In fact, Robinhood’s stock doubled in 2025 leading up to the scheduled quarterly rebalance, reaching all-time highs as investors speculated on index inclusion. We can reasonably conclude that Robinhood was not excluded for failing to meet standards. Rather, it simply didn’t get a slot because the committee kept the lineup intact. Since the S&P 500 is a fixed roster of 500 stocks, adding a company requires removing another. In this case, the committee evidently saw no need to swap anyone out. As such, the omission was a matter of timing and index procedure, not a rating of the business itself. For context, the last companies actually added to the S&P 500 came in May and March 2025. On May 19, rival cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase Global became the first digital-asset company to enter the benchmark. Earlier, on March 24, DoorDash (DASH), communication firm TKO Group (TKO), retailer Williams-Sonoma (WSM), and oil-and-gas company Expand Energy (EXE) joined the index. Those names replaced Discover Financial, BorgWarner, Teleflex, Celanese and FMC. By comparison, the June rebalance brought no newcomers. Simply put, Robinhood missed its chance because the S&P 500 held steady. When a stock is added, all S&P-tracking funds must buy shares, often driving the price higher. When smaller companies join a major index, “millions of dollars could potentially flow to them” just from passive buying. Consider that the largest S&P 500 ETF (SPY) manages well over half a trillion dollars so any addition forces huge purchases. Moreover, index membership increases a stock’s visibility. In practical terms, that means a new S&P 500 addition often enjoys extra demand and publicity (at least in the short term) as mutual funds, pension plans and ETFs buy the stock. This “index effect” has historically lifted many stocks a few percent when they join the 500. In Robinhood’s case, analysts estimated that inclusion could have lifted it several percent higher, it had already spiked on the mere expectation of joining. Looking ahead, Robinhood remains well-positioned and continues to meet S&P requirements, so its candidacy remains intact. When another slot opens up, for instance when a current member is removed due to a takeover or other corporate action, Robinhood would likely be reconsidered. The pending Nippon Steel–U.S. Steel deal is the next possible catalyst outside of the regular shuffle for an index inclusion so it may be a matter of when, and not if Robinhood is promoted to the club. The next S&P 500 rebalancing (usually in September) may offer a fresh opportunity for Robinhood.

What is Ethereum? Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform that enables developers to build and deploy smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). It was proposed in late 2013 and development began in early 2014, spearheaded by Vitalik Buterin and other co-founders including Gavin Wood, Joseph Lubin, and others. Ethereum aims to go beyond Bitcoin’s original purpose of a digital currency by offering a programmable blockchain. At its core, Ethereum allows anyone to create self-executing contracts with the terms directly written into code, enabling trustless agreements without intermediaries. --- Key Concepts 1. Blockchain Ethereum operates on a blockchain — a distributed ledger maintained by a network of nodes (computers) around the world. Each block contains transaction data and links cryptographically to the previous block, creating a secure, tamper-resistant chain. 2. Smart Contracts Smart contracts are automated scripts stored on the Ethereum blockchain. They execute automatically when predetermined conditions are met, enabling: Trustless agreements Automated transactions Decentralized applications (dApps) Smart contracts are written primarily in Solidity, Ethereum’s programming language. 3. Ether (ETH) Ether (ETH) is the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum network. It serves two main purposes: Fuel: Ether is used to pay "gas fees" required to execute smart contracts and transactions. Store of value and currency: It can be used for peer-to-peer payments and as an investment. --- History & Evolution 2013: Vitalik Buterin publishes the Ethereum whitepaper. 2014: Ethereum project launched with a successful crowdfunding Initial Coin Offering (ICO), raising over $18 million. 2015: Ethereum mainnet officially launches. 2016: The DAO hack leads to a contentious hard fork, creating two networks: Ethereum (ETH): The new chain where the hack was reversed. Ethereum Classic (ETC): The original chain that continued without reversal. 2020-2022: Ethereum transitions from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS) via “Ethereum 2.0” upgrades, culminating in the Merge in September 2022. --- Ethereum 2.0 and The Merge Ethereum initially used Proof of Work mining like Bitcoin, which is energy-intensive. Ethereum 2.0 introduces a Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators stake ETH to secure the network instead of mining. The Merge in 2022 combined Ethereum’s original execution layer with the new PoS consensus layer (the Beacon Chain), drastically reducing energy consumption by ~99.95% and improving scalability and security. --- Ecosystem and Use Cases 1. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Ethereum is the backbone of DeFi — platforms offering decentralized financial services like lending, borrowing, trading, and yield farming without traditional banks. Popular DeFi projects on Ethereum include: Uniswap (decentralized exchange) Aave (lending/borrowing) Compound (money markets) 2. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) Ethereum pioneered NFTs — unique digital assets representing art, collectibles, game items, and more. NFT standards like ERC-721 and ERC-1155 were developed for minting and managing NFTs on Ethereum. 3. Decentralized Applications (dApps) Ethereum supports thousands of dApps across gaming, social media, marketplaces, and beyond. Developers leverage its programmable blockchain to build trustless systems. 4. Enterprise & Private Blockchains Many enterprises use Ethereum or Ethereum-based frameworks like Quorum or Hyperledger Besu for private or consortium blockchains in supply chain, finance, and identity. --- Technical Features Gas: Ethereum transactions and smart contracts require gas, paid in ETH, to compensate validators and prevent spam. ERC Standards: Ethereum Request for Comments (ERC) define technical standards for tokens and smart contracts: ERC-20: Fungible tokens ERC-721: NFTs ERC-1155: Multi-token standard Virtual Machine: The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) runs smart contract code on every node, ensuring consistent execution. --- Challenges & Criticisms Scalability: Ethereum’s original network faced congestion and high gas fees during peak usage. Complexity: Smart contract coding has risks like bugs and vulnerabilities (e.g., DAO hack). Competition: Other blockchains like Solana, Binance Smart Chain, and Avalanche offer faster or cheaper alternatives. Ethereum is actively evolving solutions like Layer 2 scaling (Optimistic Rollups, zk-Rollups) to address throughput and cost issues. --- The Future of Ethereum Ethereum’s roadmap includes: Sharding: Splitting the blockchain into smaller parts ("shards") to increase transaction throughput. Improved scalability and interoperability with Layer 2 solutions. Continued adoption in DeFi, NFTs, DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations), and Web3 (decentralized web). Ethereum is widely regarded as the foundational infrastructure for the decentralized internet, with a vibrant developer community and ecosystem. --- Summary Ethereum is a decentralized, programmable blockchain enabling smart contracts and dApps. Its native token, Ether (ETH), fuels network operations. Transitioned from Proof of Work to Proof of Stake in 2022 for energy efficiency. Powering DeFi, NFTs, and a broad range of decentralized applications. Faces scalability challenges but innovates with Layer 2 and sharding. Continues to shape the future of decentralized technology and finance. $ETH

What are the current challenges for onchain CLOBS on Solana? How was Drift designed to work around these current limitations? There are two costs that lead to wider spreads and less depth: 1) adverse selection 2) gas (e.g. priority fees) Adverse selection is a bigger issue on

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